Degree Date

2022

Degree

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Department

Greek, Latin, and Classical Studies

Abstract

This dissertation asserts that opposition to Augustus and the establishment of the Principate was pervasive and originating from all social strata. After examining incidents of political resistance and social unrest, the project analyzes literary allusions to those who were killed or exiled while challenging Augustus’ rise to power. Using maps, coins, and other artefacts to help explore topographical and contemporary references, this study maintains that coded depictions in literature may provide deeper understanding of events from the period, especially since many of our extant sources are biased, incomplete, or composed centuries later.

The case studies for the literary portion of this research include Vergil’s Camilla and Palinurus in the Aeneid, Ovid’s Daphne in the Metamorphoses, and a collection of episodes from Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Fasti that plausibly represent familial strife in the domus Augusta. Two chapters on Vergil suggest that his portrayals of Camilla and Palinurus convey admiration for the endeavors of Fulvia and Sextus Pompey on behalf of those who lost their land or were placed on the proscription list during the Triumviral period. The next chapter proposes that Ovid’s Daphne is a satirical comparison of Apollo’s claim over his new triumphal tree when he was denied Daphne’s body with Octavian’s recast of his victory over Cleopatra after failing to keep her alive for his triumph. The final chapter analyzes allusions to strife in the imperial household in stories from Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Fasti that were modified from earlier versions in a manner that challenges the authority of the princeps and his dynastic plans. This chapter also considers Ovid’s apprehension about the punishment of artists in his depictions of Arachne and Marsyas.

The poetic episodes studied in this dissertation are multilayered, so that the allegories are one of many readings possible, allowing the poet to allude to controversial events ambiguously enough that his enthusiasts would appreciate the coded commentary without the risk of offending the Augustan circle. While the vagueness of some references challenges modern observation, the use of maps, coins, and ancient art provide context clues for us to appreciate the allusions to the fallen challengers of Augustus.

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